Advance Directives

Many people today are worried about the medical care they would receive if they become terminally ill or are unable to communicate. Each person’s thoughts and feelings on these topics are unique. Some may not want to spend months or years dependent on life-support machines, others may want every measure to be taken to sustain their life.

So how do you make sure your wishes are known before the time comes in which you may not be able to speak for yourself? A growing number of people are taking action before they become seriously ill. You may state your healthcare preferences in writing, while you are still healthy and able to make such decisions. While these issues are often among the most private and difficult to make, a good place to start is with a review of information.

The documents
Advance directives are the legal documents, such as the Living Will, Durable Power of Attorney and Health Care Proxy, which allow people to state, in writing, their decisions about end-of-life care ahead of time. Advance directives provide a way for patients to communicate their wishes to family, friends, and health care professionals and to avoid confusion later on, should they become unable to do so.

Ideally, the process of discussing and writing advance directives should be ongoing, rather than a single event. Advance directives can be modified as a patient's situation changes. Even after advance directives have been signed, patients can change their minds at any time.

A living will is a set of instructions documenting a person's wishes about medical care intended to sustain life. It is used if a patient becomes terminally ill, incapacitated, or unable to communicate or make decisions. Everyone has the right to accept or refuse medical care. A living will protects the patient's rights and removes the burden for making decisions from family, friends, and physicians.

A health care proxy is an agent (a person) appointed to make a patient's medical decisions if the patient is unable to do so. Generally, people assign someone they know well and trust to represent their preferences when they can no longer do so.

The durable power of attorney for health care is the legal document that names a patient's health care proxy. Once written, it should be signed, dated, witnessed, notarized, copied, distributed, and incorporated into the patient's medical record.

Patients may also want to appoint someone to manage their financial affairs if they cannot. This is called a durable power of attorney for finances, and is a separate legal document from the durable power of attorney for health care.

Do Not Resuscitate Order
A do not resuscitate (DNR) order is another kind of advance directive. A DNR is a request not to have cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) if your heart stops or if you stop breathing. (Unless given other instructions, hospital staff will try to help all patients whose heart has stopped or who have stopped breathing.) You can use an advance directive form or tell your doctor that you don't want to be resuscitated. In this case, a DNR order is put in your medical chart by your doctor. DNR orders are accepted by doctors and hospitals in all states.

Most patients who die in a hospital have had a DNR order written for them. Patients who are not likely to benefit from CPR include people who have cancer that has spread, people whose kidneys don't work well, people who need a lot of help with daily activities, or people who have severe infections such as pneumonia that require hospitalization. If you already have one or more of these conditions, you should discuss your wishes about CPR with your doctor, either in the doctor's office or when you go to the hospital. It's best to do this early, before you are very sick and are considered unable to make your own decisions.

Can I change my Advance Directive?
You may change or cancel your advance directive at any time, as long as you are considered of sound mind to do so. Being of sound mind means that you are still able to think rationally and communicate your wishes in a clear manner. Changes must be made, signed and notarized according to the laws in your state. Make sure that your doctor and any family members who knew about your directives are also aware that you have changed them.

If you do not have time to put your changes in writing, you can make them known while you are in the hospital. Tell your doctor and any family or friends present exactly what you want to happen. Usually, wishes that are made in person will be followed in place of the ones made earlier in writing. Be sure your instructions are clearly understood by everyone you have told.

Useful Tool

Advance Directives Workbook: “Caring Conversations”
If you would like to begin preparing your own Advance Directives, the Center for Practical Bioethics has a workbook that will help you examine your own thoughts about how you would like your healthcare decisions handled and to help you examine how you would like end-of-life matters dealt with, when the time comes. This packet offers some great tools to help open discussions with your loved ones, too, so that they will know your personal outlook on these matters and will be better able to represent you if they need to make decisions on your behalf.

To view and print a copy of this workbook, visit:
click here

For More Information…

Decisions About End-of-Life Care
Journal of the American Medical Association

Put It In Writing
American Hospital Association

Information on Organ Donation
American Medical Association